Lesson 2 Certificate Course in Communicative English

Certificate Course in Communicative English

                            Lecture -2

Lesson-2

Words and Phrases

Examples of words are : dark, man, people,red,  girl,book,pen, candy, mouse 

What is a phrase ?

A phrase is a group of words with some sense but not complete sense.

For example 

In the darkness of woods

In the vicinity of my home

The prime minister of India

With great pleasure

Under pressure

For supporting his family

They need other words to complete their meanings.

For example

The thieves disappeared in the darkness of woods.

A hermit lives in the vicinity of my home 

The prime minister of India went to the US. 

He announced his retirement with great pleasure.

Shami never bowls under pressure. 

He works for supporting his family. 

How to make phrases in English ? 

Look at the following example: 

The boy eats the ice-cream.

The tall boy eats the ice-cream.

The tall boy wearing red shirt eats the ice-cream.

The tall boy wearing red shirt and blue pants eats the ice-cream.

The tall ,handsome boy wearing red shirt and blue pants eats the ice-cream.

The tall, handsome and good-looking boy wearing red shirt and blue pants eats the ice-cream.

The tall, handsome and good-looking boy wearing red shirt and blue pants eats the blue coloured ice-cream.

The tall ,handsome and good-looking schoolboy wearing red shirt and blue pants eats the blue coloured ice-cream.

The tall ,handsome and good-looking schoolboy of Mohta School wearing red shirt and blue pants eats the blue coloured ice-cream.

In these examples , The boy is the Noun Head. 

It's is the main noun which is determined by the other adjectives/words which add meaning to the noun head Boy. 

After the noun head a verb showing action performed by the boy is used with ing form

In the same way, ice-cream is the noun head which is determined by adjective  the blue coloured. 

Remember in the phrases,  adjective is placed before the Noun Head while the verb showing action performed by the Noun Head is presented with ing form. 

For example : 

Dancing 

Eating 

Singing

Watching

Fixing 

Reparing 

#How to make phrases in English : 

A) Phrases made with "adjectives "

We can make phrases with adjectives 

Red

The red rose 

Bold 

The bold girl

Cunning

The cunning man 

Silent 

The silent valleys

Passionate 

The passionate poet 

Great

Great king 

Good

The Good girl

B) We can make phrases with- ing form. Here subject is shown to be doing some action:

1)  stunning

The stunning runner

2) crying

The crying boy

3) Speaking

The speaking tree

4) Singing 

The singing bird 

5) dancing

The dancing girl

C) We can make phrases with  the past participle( V3) . Here the action has been completed :           to show the completed action, past participle is used : 

1) Written

The written poem

2) broken 

The broken windows

3) Spoken

Spoken English

4) Killed 

The killed lion 

5) Built 

The buit house

6) wasted 

The wasted hours

7) Won

The won prizes 

D) We can make phrases with prepositions as well. 

    With preposition " in "

In the darkness

In the global index

In the area of my village

In the world

In the opposite of the building

In forest

In the fire 

In India

In Rajasthan

In his life 

  With preposition " of"

The president of America

The wife of Bath

The class of B. A. First 

The brother of my best frend

The building of our college

The leg of the chair 

The pen of Ravi

  With Preposition " on"

On the table

On the road

On the topic 

On the problem of farmers 

On the floor 

On my vacation

On my brother

On the poem 

  With preposition " for"

For his family

For my mother

For the sake of his job

For cooking

For singing

For alleviating poverty

  With preposition " about"

About his rules 

About the great hermit

About the topic

About the problem of India's global power 

About the new problems

  With preposition " at "

At 3 p.m. 

At him 

At her 

At that  point 

At the motion

At the ege of peak 

At the square

    With preposition " with" 

With great thoughts

With the key

With his wife and children

With great confidence

With conviction

With great force 

With great power 

     With preposition " under"

Under the chair 

Under government

Under the authority

Under pressure

Under the tree

Under circumstances

Under globalization

D) We make phrases with the ing form when the subject is doing some action: 

eat+ing =eating 

The man eating the ice-cream

* Here the subject man is eating the ice-cream. 

Compare 

1) The man is eating the ice-cream. The man is my cousin. 

2) The man eating the ice-cream is my cousin. 

Singing

The girl singing on the stage 

Dancing

The boy dancing in the room 

Swimming

The animal swimming in the water 

Joking 

The man joking at everybody

Laughing

The girl laughing in the class 

Exercise : 1

Translate the following phrases into English

एक महान कवी

एक खोडकर मुलगा

एक विद्वान मनुष्य

हुशार व्यक्ती

भुताची गोष्ट

रमेश ची ताई

सागर चे घर

आशिषचा कम्प्युटर

अंधारामध्ये

भारतामध्ये

संपूर्ण जगामध्ये

तंत्रज्ञानाच्या युगामध्ये

पुस्तकाच्या पानावर

रस्त्यावर

जीवनाबद्दल

जगाबद्दल

साहिष्णुतेबद्दल

चांगल्या गोष्टींबद्दल

आर्थिक मुद्द्यावर

सामाजिक चळवळीवर

डान्स करणारी मुलगी

गाणं म्हणणारा मुलगा

गोंधळलेली व्यक्ती

खचलेली व्यक्ती

तुटलेला टेबल

विकलेली वस्तू

लिहिलेली कविता

विकत घेतलेली कार

Translate the following sentences into English by adding- ing to the action performed by the subject: 

डान्स करत असलेला मुलगा माझा भाऊ आहे.

गाणं म्हणत असलेला माणूस माझा काका आहे.

रस्त्यावर धावत असलेली व्यक्ती मिलखा सिंग आहे.

पिंजऱ्यामध्ये झोपून असलेला प्राणी हा वाघ आहे.

स्वयंपाक खोलीत स्वयंपाक बनवत असलेली स्त्री माझी आई आहे.

भाषण देत असलेली व्यक्ती भारताची पंतप्रधान आहे.

कार दुरुस्त करत असलेला मुलगा एक उत्तम मेकॅनिक आहे.

कार्यक्रमात मुख्य अतिथी म्हणून बसलेली व्यक्ती ही गुगलची सीईओ आहे.