Certificate Course in Communicative English Lesson 1 Notes
Certificate course in Communicative English Lecture 1 Basic grammar
Lesson1
What is a language ?
Language is a bouquet having different expressions-words, phrases and sentences
Human language is unique in the sense that they use different names for the same object.
What exactly we do when we say that we speak English or we speak Marathi ?
The answer is we make different sentences in the language. Sometimes we make statements. Sometimes we ask questions. Sometimes wegive orders or make request and sometimes we become so excited that we express our emotions.
From this here we comes to the four kinds of sentences :
Declarative sentences
These are the sentences which only make statements.
Examples :
He has opened the door.
Shalaka went to the market.
I am leaving for Nagpur.
Gandhi died in 1947.
Swamiji gave a speech.
Sachin made a century.
India wins the match.
Teacher is absent today.
Today we have a very important meeting.
It is not clear what happens with him.
Today we have a holiday.
A new government was made in Afghanistan.
The king was very powerful.
The man was the enemy of the king.
Remember the declarative sentences commonly follow the following formulas :
Formula One :
subject+ verb+ object
The cat kills the mouse
Manav textes the message.
Megha posted the letter.
Keast wrote the poem.
Amrita visited the home.
He has opened the door.
She is washing the basin.
The mother is making the cake.
Formula two :
subject -verb +complement
He works in the garden.
He has gone to his house.
The cattle are gracing in the field.
Megha is in the classroom.
Zaheer feels tired.
I am upset.
He is unhappy.
The mount Everest is in the Himalayas.
Formula three :
subject + verb
He comes.
She goes.
Raghu went.
He wasn't.
She wasn't.
I didn't do.
I don't know.
He does not know.
She does not know.
I know.
I quit.
He rates.
He sleeps.
Formula Four :
Verb / Verb + adverb
Sit down
Get lost.
Don't disturb.
Speak fluently.
Dance beautifully.
Don't ask.
Don't ask again.
Go on.
Don't write.
Write down.
Interrogative sentences
These are sentences which are used to ask questions.
Study the following examples :
Have you gone to the market ?
Where are you now ?
Can I come in ?
What did you eat my cake ?
How to ask questions in English ?
Questions in English can be divided into two categories.
Yes no type questions : questions answer of which can be answered with yes or no.
Here we put verb before the subject
For example:
He has gone to the market.
Has he gone to the market?
He is at home.
Is he at home ?
I may go tomorrow.
May I go tomorrow ?
They were absent yesterday.
Were they absent yesterday ?
Atish has bought a new dress.
Has Atish bought a new dress ?
I know you.
Do I know you ?
He stole the ring.
Did he steal the ring ?
His English is superb.
Is his English superb ?
He calls me.
Does he call me ?
David bowled a Yorker.
Did David bowl a Yorker ?
Yes no type question follow the following formula.Verb + subject+ main verb +complement ( remaining words or expressions) + question mark ( ?)
WH questions : questions which begin with what, when ,how , why, etc.
He has gone to the market.
When has he gone to the market?
He is at home.
Why is he at home ?
I may go tomorrow.
Why may I go tomorrow ?
They were absent yesterday.
Why were they absent yesterday ?
Atish has bought a new dress.
Why has Atish bought a new dress ?
I know you.
Why do I know you ?
He stole the ring.
When did he steal the ring ?
His English is superb.
How is his English superb ?
He calls me.
When does he call me ?
David bowled a Yorker.
Why did David bowl a Yorker ?
WH question follow the following formula:WH-word+verb+subject+main verb+complement+question mark ( ?)
3) Exclamatory sentences
These are used to express sudden feelings and emotions.
How graceful king was!
What a beautiful place Kashmir is!
What a great player Sachin was !
How lovely the park is!
What a great man Gandhi was ?
How lovely she speaks!
How slowly he eats !
How beautiful the garden is !
Exclamatory sentences follow the following formula:
What a /How + adjective / adverb + subject+ verb+ exclamation mark (!)
4) Imperative sentences
These are use to give order or to make request.
The imperative sentences follow the following formula:
Formula : verb+ object
Open the door.
Post these letters.
Bring a glass of water.
Read the poem.
Shut the windows.
Keep the change.
Sing a song.
Pick up the phone.
Chapter Two V
Verbs in English
English has the following verbs :
To be Verbs : am, is ,are, was, were
These show condition or status
He is a teacher.
She is a doctor.
I was a student of this college.
I was absent minded.
They were extremely good in their efforts.
The Prime minister of India is Narendra Modi.
The reason of unemployment is fall in share market.
To Have verbs: have, has,had
These show possession:
Hari has a new pen.
Abdullah has two cars.
Classroom has a white board.
People have many problems.
Industry has many opportunities.
He has a golden watch.
I have one younger sister and one elder brother.
He had one water bottle.
Do Verbs : Write, speak, stole, open,kills, killed, hold, put,sing, sang, etc.
These show action of the subject
The new policy works very well.
The child eats too much.
God reaches on the top of the mountain.
Sameer composes a poem.
He left the home.
Tiger killed the man.
The teacher teaches English.
Modal Auxiliary : can,could, may, might, will would, shall, shood
These are use before the do verbs as an addition to meaning:
The new policy may work very well.
The child could eat too much.
God might reach on the top of the mountain.
Sameer will compose a poem.
He would leave the home.
Tiger can kill the man.
The teacher will teach English
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