English Literature

          Phonemes in English  English has 44 commonly taught phonemes: 24 consonant sounds + 20 vowel sounds. Below are given the IPA symbol, an English example, and an approximate Marathi pronunciation. Note: Marathi equivalents are approximate because some English sounds—especially /θ/, /ð/, /w/, /v/, /æ/, /ə/—do not have exact Marathi equivalents. 1. English Consonant Phonemes — 24 IPA Example Marathi pronunciation / approximation /p/ pen प् /b/ bat ब् /t/ top ट्/त् /d/ dog ड्/द् /k/ cat क् /g/ go ग् /tʃ/ chair च् /dʒ/ jam ज् /f/ fish फ् /v/ van व् (फ आणि व मधला इंग्रजी ध्वनी) /θ/ think थ्* /ð/ this ध्* /s/ sun स् /z/ zoo ज़् /ʃ/ ship श् /ʒ/ vision झ़् / ज्-श् मधला /h/ hat ह् /m/ man म् /n/ net न् /ŋ/ sing ङ् / ‘इंग’ मधील ङ् /l/ leg ल् /r/ red र् /j/ yes य् /w/ wet व्/उअ् मधला * /θ/: जीभेचे टोक वरच्या दातांच्या जवळ ठेवून हवा सोडायची — think. /ð/: त्याच स्थितीत आवाजासह — this. 2. English Vowel Phonemes — 20 A. Short Vowels IPA Example Marath...

The Organs of Speech and Its Three Systems  The organs of the human body that we use for speaking are together called organs of speech. But speech is the secondary function of these organs and their primary functions are breathing, chewing, eating, smelling and tasting. The organs of speech and their speech function can be described under the three systems: the respiratory system, the phonatory system and the articulatory system.  The Articulatory System/ Articulatory Phonetics:  When we speak, we produce sounds. But not all sounds are the same. When we  speak , the chest muscles produce an air flow. This air flow goes through an area we call the larynx. There are muscles in the larynx that modify this air flow. Then, this air flow goes through the vocal tract , which ends at the mouth and nostrils and we listen to speech sounds. This is how the air which comes from lungs escapes into the atmosphere.  But why are the sounds produced diffe...